Artlabeling Activity the Origins of Cranial Nerves Iii Xii
12 cranial nerves
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You know when someone mentions cranial nerves and you lot whorl your eyes all the way back to your midbrain? Nosotros know that cranial nerves have always been a challenging subject among anatomy students. So we're hither to make it easier for you.
Cranial fretfulness anatomy is essential for well-nigh any medical specialty since they control and then many trunk functions, such every bit rolling your eyes when you lot're bellyaching by something. Then let's interruption the stigma of them beingness difficult to understand, and larn this important neuroanatomy topic once and for all.
| Definition | A set of 12 peripheral fretfulness emerging from the brain that innervate the structures of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen. |
| Nerves | Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN Ii), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN Iv), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN Six), facial nerve (CN 7), vestibulocochlear nervus (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN Ix), vagus nerve (CN Ten), accessory nerve (CN Eleven), and hypoglossal nervus (CN XII). Mnemonics: - Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Thouood Velvet, such-A Heaven - On, On, On, They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes. |
| Types of nerves | - Sensory: Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), vestibulocochlear nervus (CN Eight) - Motor: Oculomotor nerve (CN Iii), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducens nerve (CN VI), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). - Mixed (both): trigeminal nerve (CN V), facial nerve (CN 7), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN Nine), vagus nerve (CN X). Mnemonic (by the numerical order):Due southome Southay Koney Thouatters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Thouost |
Contents
- Anatomy
- 12 cranial fretfulness list
- Mnemonics
- Olfactory nerve (CN I)
- Optic nerve (CN II)
- Oculomotor nerve (CN Iii)
- Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Abducens nerve (CN Half dozen)
- Facial nerve (CN VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- Vagus nervus (CN X)
- Accessory nervus (CN XI)
- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Sources
+ Prove all
Anatomy
Cranial nerves are the 12 fretfulness of the peripheral nervous organization that sally from the foramina and fissures of the cranium. Their numerical lodge (i-12) is adamant by their skull exit location (rostral to caudal). All cranial fretfulness originate from nuclei in the encephalon. Two originate from the forebrain (Olfactory and Optic), one has a nucleus in the spinal cord (Accompaniment) while the remainder originate from the brainstem.
There's a LOT to learn almost the cranial nerves. You lot might like to ease yourself into this topic with our cranial fretfulness quizzes and labeling exercises.
Cranial nerves supply sensory and motor data to structures of the caput and neck, controlling the activity of this region. Only the vagus nervus extends beyond the neck, to innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera.
We're sure that while reading textbooks, you lot encountered with terms such as afferent, efferent, mixed, general, visceral, special, somatic etc, these refer to modalities of the cranial nerves. They often bring confusion, so allow'southward explain them before proceeding.
The function of a nerve is to carry sensory and/or motor data betwixt the trunk and the brain. If the information goes from the brain to the periphery, so it is an efferent (motor) nerve. If it travels from the periphery to the brain, and so it is an afferent (sensory) nerve. Nerves that do both are mixed nerves. Unlike spinal fretfulness which are always mixed, cranial nerves can be purely motor, purely sensory or mixed.
Now let'south empathize the terms special, general, somatic and visceral. The information is classified as special if it travels from our special senses (vision, odor, sense of taste, hearing and residuum), while general describes information to/from everywhere else. The information carried by a nervus is chosen somatic if it goes to/from the skin and skeletal muscles, or visceral if information technology travels to/from our internal organs.
Combining these categories allows us to define the functional components of a nervus. For case, if the nerve fibers exclusively comport special sensory data, it is called a special afferent nerve. If it carries other types of sensory information, like touch, pressure level, pain, temperature, then information technology is a full general afferent nerve.
If the nervus carries data to smooth muscle, cardiac musculus or glands, then it is a visceral efferent nervus. If it carries information to skin or skeletal muscle, then information technology is a somatic efferent nervus. As the term visceral is often a synonym for autonomic (nervous arrangement), note that general visceral nerves conduct autonomic nervus fibers to/from the target organs. The exception to this are thespecial visceral efferent nerves, one-time described as branchial efferent (BE). These are motor nerves, named for the embryological origin of the fibres. Information of movement and position (proprioception) from somatic structures like muscles, tendons, and joints is carried past general somatic afferent nerves. Lastly, be enlightened that in that location is no special somatic efferent classification.
So to conclude, considering the possible directions and modalities, cranial nerves tin can be:
- General somatic afferent (GSA)
- General somatic efferent (GSE)
- Full general visceral afferent (GVA)
- General visceral efferent (GVE)
- Special somatic afferent (SSA)
- Special visceral afferent (SVA)
- Special visceral efferent (SVE)
Hither is a cranial nerves starter pack for yous:
12 cranial nerves listing
To become familiar with these nerves, allow's list all them in one place.
| Cranial nerve ane | Olfactory nerve (CN I) - sensory |
| Cranial nervus 2 | Optic nerve (CN II) - sensory |
| Cranial nerve 3 | Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - motor |
| Cranial nerve 4 | Trochlear nerve (CN IV) - motor |
| Cranial nervus 5 | Trigeminal nerve (CN V) - mixed |
| Cranial nervus six | Abducens nerve (CN VI) - motor |
| Cranial nerve 7 | Facial nerve (CN 7) - mixed |
| Cranial nervus 8 | Vestibulocochlear nervus (CN Viii) - sensory |
| Cranial nervus nine | Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN Ix) - mixed |
| Cranial nerve 10 | Vagus nerve (CN X) - mixed |
| Cranial nerve eleven | (Spinal) Accessory nerve (CN XI) - motor |
| Cranial nerve 12 | Hypoglossal nervus (CN XII) - motor |
Test your knowledge about the cranial nerves by taking this quiz which is specially designed to cover the near important anatomy facts about the 12 cranial nerves!
Mnemonics
If we accept the first letter of the alphabet of each nerve, we can build a mnemonic to help remember the cranial nerve names!
Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel 5ery One thousandood Velvet, Such A Heaven
- Olfactory nerve (CN I)
- Optic nerve (CN II)
- Occulomotor nerve (CN Three)
- Trochlear nervus (CN IV)
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- Abducens nerve (CN VI)
- Facial nervus (CN VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
- 1000lossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- Vagus nerve (CN X)
- Accessory nerve (CN XI)
- Hypoglossal nervus (CN XII)
Or, if y'all're a member of the Harry Potter fandom, yous can learn this one: On, Onorthward, On, They Traveled And Found Voldemort One thousanduarding Very Ancient Horcruxes. Remember these, and yous'll always be able to call up the cranial nerves in their numerical society.
In addition, to call back if a nerve is sensory, motor or both in numerical club, remember this:
"Some say money matters, but my brother says big brains matter most"
- Sensory (CN I)
- Southensory (CN 2)
- Motor (CN Three)
- Chiliadotor (CN 4)
- Both (CN Five)
- Motor (CN Half-dozen)
- Both (CN VII)
- Sensory (CN Eight)
- Both (CN 9)
- Both (CN X)
- Motor (CN 11)
- Motor (CN XII)
Now that nosotros've learned the tricks on how to recollect cranial nerves and their modalities, let'due south go introduced to the anatomy of each 1 of them.
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
Cranial nerve 1 is a special somatic afferent nervus which innervates the olfactory mucosa within the nasal cavity. It carries information about smell to the encephalon.
| Type | SVA/SSA* |
| Nucleus | None |
| Field of innervation | Sensory: Nasal mucosa |
The many branches of the olfactory nerve, called fila olfactoria, pass from the nasal cavity through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. They terminate in the olfactory bulb, which continues as the olfactory tract. Within the encephalon, the fibers of the olfactory tract disperse and end within the olfactory cortex (piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex).
The olfactory nerve doesn't have a specific nucleus of its own. Instead its cell bodies are constitute in the olfactory expanse-the nasal mucosa that covers the roof of the nasal cavity.
*Note that there is an ongoing discussion about the modality of the olfactory nerve. Some authors say information technology's SSA, whilst the others classify information technology as SVA. In any instance, y'all won't make a mistake if you just say that it is a special afferent nerve.
Find out more about the olfactory nerve in the study unit of measurement beneath, or accept the quiz to meet what yous've learned so far!
Optic nerve (CN II)
Cranial nerve 2 is a special somatic afferent nerve which innervates the retina of the eye and brings visual data to the brain.
| Type | SSA |
| Nucleus | None |
| Field of innervation | Sensory: Retina |
Neural fibers originate from the photoreceptors of the retina. They converge at the optic disc, forming the optic nerve. The optic nerve leaves the orbit through the optic canal.
On the floor of the middle cranial fossa, the nasal parts of each nerve cantankerous to the contrary side forming the optic chiasm. The nerve fibers and then continue every bit the ii optic pathways. CN Two besides doesn't take its own nuclei, just instead its jail cell bodies are found in the retina. The optic nerve synapses with the visual relay centers of the brain.
Eager to learn everything about the optic nervus? Check out this written report unit and quiz we accept prepared for y'all.
Oculomotor nerve (CN Iii)
Cranial nervus three is both a somatic and visceral efferent motor nervus. This ways information technology has 2 nuclei and carries two types of efferent fibers. As the name suggests, the oculomotor nerve is the principal motor nervus supplying the heart.
It originates from the midbrain and leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit where it enables eye movement, constriction of the pupil (miosis) and lens adaptation.
| Type | GSE, GVE (parasympathetic) |
| Nuclei | Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (GSE) Accessory nuclei of oculomotor nervus (Edinger-Westphal) (GVE) |
| Field of innervation | Motor: all extraocular muscles except for the lateral rectus and superior oblique (GSE); ciliary musculus, sphincter pupillae muscle (GVE) |
Solidify your cognition nearly the oculomotor nerve with this study unit:
Trochlear nerve (CN Four)
Cranial nerve 4 is a general somatic motor nerve. The trochlear nerve originates from the midbrain and enters the orbit through the superior orbital scissure, supplying one extraocular muscle thus playing a role in middle movement.
| Blazon | GSE |
| Nuclei | Nucleus of trochlear nerve |
| Field of innervation | Motor: Superior oblique muscle |
Nosotros have you covered with the anatomy of the trochlear nervus in the written report unit below.
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Cranial nerve 5 is a mixed nerve, containing both special visceral and full general somatic fibers. The fibers originate from the brainstem, forming the trigeminal ganglion near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
The trigeminal nervus divides into three divisions; ophthalmic nervus (CN V1), maxillary nervus (CN V2) and mandibular nerve (CN V3). Each of them leaves the skull through a different opening. Ophthalmic leaves through the superior orbital fissure, maxillary through the foramen rotundum and the mandibular nerve exits via the foramen ovale.
| Blazon | SVE, GSA |
| Nuclei | Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (SVE) Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nervus (GSA) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (GSA) Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve (GSA) |
| Divisions | Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) Maxillary nerve (CN V2) Mandibular nerve (CN V3) |
| Field of innervation | Motor: Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior abdomen of digastric, tensor tympani muscles (SVE) Sensory: Scalp, face, orbit, paranasal sinuses, anterior two-thirds of the tongue (GSA) |
All three branches of the trigeminal nerve supply sensation to the facial skin. The areas of cutaneous innervation (dermatomes) are as follows; Ophthalmic nervus (CN V1 dermatome) supplies the forehead, orbit and olfactory organ, maxillary nerve (CN V2 dermatome) the zygomatic region and upper lip, while the mandibular nerve (CN V3 dermatome) innervates the buccal peel, lower lip and skin of the mandibular region.
To learn everything about the trigeminal nervus and its divisions, we recommend you get through the following report materials and custom quiz:
Abducens nerve (CN 6)
Cranial nerve vi is a general somatic efferent nervus which innervates the lateral rectus muscle (extraocular). The abducens nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull via the superior orbital fissure.
| Blazon | GSE |
| Nucleus | Nucleus of abducens nerve |
| Field of innervation | Motor: Lateral rectus musculus |
Although information technology may seem the least relevant, the abducens nerve plays a very important role in eye movement. Just ask anyone with strabismus.
Learn all most this nervus in the study unit beneath and so examination what you've learned so far about the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerve with our qustom quiz below!
Facial nerve (CN Vii)
Cranial nervus 7 is a multimodal nervus, conveying both full general and special fibers. Information technology originates from the brainstem as two split divisions; a larger chief root conveying motor fibers and a smaller intermediate nerve carrying sensory and parasympathetic fibers.
The two divisions exit the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus and and so travel through the facial canal. Here they join forming the facial nerve proper and leave the cranium together through the stylomastoid foramen. Once the facial nerve reaches the face it enables many functions, such equally facial expression, secretion of glands and gustatory modality sensation.
| Type | GVE (parasympathetic), SVE, GVA, SVA, GSA |
| Nuclei | Superior salivatory nucleus (GVE) Motor nucleus of facial nerve (SVE) Nuclei of solitary tract (GVA, SVA) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (GSA) |
| Field of innervation | Sensory: middle ear, nasal crenel, soft palate (GVA); anterior 2-thirds of the natural language (SVA); external auditory meatus (GSA) Motor: lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, basal, palatine glands (GVE); muscles of facial expression (SVE) |
Even though it may seem similar a never ending story, the facial nervus isn't so difficult to learn if you accept a good approach.
We offer you one with our study unit of measurement and custom quiz:
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN Eight)
Cranial nerve 8 is a special somatic afferent nervus. Information technology is comprised of 2 parts: the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nervus. The cochlear component enables hearing, while the vestibular part mediates balance and movement. At the fundus of internal acoustic meatus, both parts unite to form the vestibulocochlear nerve and enter the cranium through the internal audio-visual meatus.
| Blazon | SSA |
| Nuclei | Vestibular nuclei Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei |
| Field of innervation | Sensory: Spiral organ (of Corti), macula of utricle, macula of saccule, ampullae of the semicircular canals (SSA) |
The two components synapse with their respective nuclei in the brainstem. To save you from confusion, annotation that dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei terminology varies. Sometimes you'll come across them as anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei, and elsewhere only grouped every bit the auditory nuclei.
Master the vestibulocochlear nervus beefcake with our user resources:
Glossopharyngeal nervus (CN Ix)
Cranial nerve nine is another multimodal nerve. It originates from the brainstem and leaves the skull through the jugular foramen. It enables swallowing, salivation, and taste sensation, as well as visceral and general sensation in the rima oris.
| Blazon | SVE, GVE (parasympathetic), SVA, GVA, GSA |
| Nuclei | Nucleus ambiguus (SVE, GVA) Inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE) Nuclei of solitary tract (SVA, GVA) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (GSA) |
| Field of innervation | Motor: stylopharyngeus and pharyngeal constrictors (SVE); parotid gland (GVE) Sensory: posterior one-third of the natural language (SVA); middle ear, throat, epiglottis, carotid body, carotid sinus (GVA); posterior 1-3rd of the tongue, soft palate (GSA) |
Fortify your knowledge about the glossopharyngeal nervus with these Kenhub resources.
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Cranial nervus 10 is likewise a multimodal nerve, It originates from multiple nuclei in the brainstem, and exits the skull through the jugular foramen. Information technology is the longest cranial nerve and the only 1 to leave the head and neck region. The vagus nerve travels into the thoracic and abdominal cavities, providing parasympathetic supply to visceral organs.
| Type | GVE (parasympathetic), SVE, SVA, GVA, GSA |
| Nuclei | Posterior nucleus of vagus nervus (dorsal motor nucleus) (GVE) Nucleus ambiguus (SVE) Nuclei of solitary tract (SVA, GVA) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (GSA) |
| Field of innervation | Motor: thoracic and intestinal viscera (GVE); laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (SVE) Sensory: epiglottis (SVA); thoracic and intestinal viscera, carotid body (GVA); external acoustic meatus, retroauricular skin, posterior role of meninges (GSA) |
CN 10 has two ganglia, called the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve (nodose ganglion). The former provides fibers for general sensory role, while the latter gives special sensory and visceral output.
The vagus nerve controls a large number of functions, including gland secretion, peristalsis, vox, taste, visceral and general sensation of the head, thorax and belly. This cranial nerve is frequently tested in anatomy exams.
Use our content to swot up on the vagus nerve and ace your cranial nervus exams!
Accompaniment nerve (CN XI)
Cranial nervus eleven is an efferent nerve originating from the brainstem and spinal cord. Information technology exits the skull through the jugular foramen, interim to enable phonation and movements of the head and shoulders.
Sensory fibers of the cervical plexus join the accessory nerve enabling full general sensation for its target muscles. And then when you feel comfortable while getting a shoulder massage, thank your cervical plexus for that.
| Type | GSE/SVE* |
| Nuclei | Ambiguus Nucleus of the accessory nerve (C1-C5) |
| Field of innervation | Motor: Laryngeal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius |
The (spinal) accessory nervus is interesting in that anatomists still don't agree on exactly where its nerve fibers originate from. *Some debate that it is a SVE nervus, believing the spinal accessory nucleus to exist continuous with the nucleus ambiguus (which is SVE). However others draw it every bit a GSE nerve, providing motor innervation to the 3 muscles without nucleus ambiguus involvement. At that place are also anatomists who believe that the CN Xi contains both SVE and GSE fretfulness, receiving fibers from both nuclei sources.
Learn everything virtually the accessory nervus with our Kenhub study materials.
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Cranial nerve 12 is a full general somatic efferent nerve originating from the brainstem. It leaves the skull through the hypoglossal foramen. Information technology's office is to enable tongue movements.
| Blazon | GSE |
| Nucleus | Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve |
| Field of innervation | Motor: Intrinsic tongue muscles, extrinsic tongue muscles (except for the palatoglossus) |
The hypoglossal nervus is extremely of import for polish daily functioning of every person, every bit it plays a pregnant role in important oral cavity functions such equally oral communication and swallowing. Like to CN Eleven, the hypoglossal nervus also interacts with the cervical plexus. Information technology receives GSE fibers from C1 and C2 spinal nerves, and GSA fibers from the spinal ganglion of C2 spinal nervus.
Chief the hypoglossal nerve anatomy with our study textile:
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